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Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is a widely used encryption algorithm established by the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in 2001. It is a symmetric block cipher that encrypts data in fixed-size blocks of 128 bits using keys of 128, 192, or 256 bits. AES is known for its strength and efficiency, making it a cornerstone of modern cryptography.
Key Principles of AES
AES operates on bytes of data rather than bits. It processes 128-bit blocks of input data through a series of rounds, where the number of rounds depends on the key length:
128-bit key: 10 rounds
192-bit key: 12 rounds
256-bit key: 14 rounds
Each round consists of four main steps:
SubBytes: Byte substitution using a lookup table (S-box).
ShiftRows: Shifting rows of the state array.
MixColumns: Mixing the columns of the state array using matrix multiplication.
AddRoundKey: XORing the state array with a round key.
The final round omits the MixColumns step.
Encryption Process
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