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  1. Definitive standards

    The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is defined in each of:
    • FIPS PUB 197: Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)
    • ISO/IEC 18033-3: Block ciphers … See more

    Description of the ciphers

    AES is based on a design principle known as a substitution–permutation network, and is efficient in both software and hardware. Unlike its predecessor DES, AES does not use a Feistel network. AES is a variant of Rijndael, wit… See more

    Security

    The National Security Agency (NSA) reviewed all the AES finalists, including Rijndael, and stated that all of them were secure enough for U.S. Government non-classified data. In June 2003, the U.S. Governmen… See more

  1. Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is a widely used encryption algorithm established by the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in 2001. It is a symmetric block cipher that encrypts data in fixed-size blocks of 128 bits using keys of 128, 192, or 256 bits. AES is known for its strength and efficiency, making it a cornerstone of modern cryptography.

    Key Principles of AES

    AES operates on bytes of data rather than bits. It processes 128-bit blocks of input data through a series of rounds, where the number of rounds depends on the key length:

    • 128-bit key: 10 rounds

    • 192-bit key: 12 rounds

    • 256-bit key: 14 rounds

    Each round consists of four main steps:

    1. SubBytes: Byte substitution using a lookup table (S-box).

    2. ShiftRows: Shifting rows of the state array.

    3. MixColumns: Mixing the columns of the state array using matrix multiplication.

    4. AddRoundKey: XORing the state array with a round key.

    The final round omits the MixColumns step.

    Encryption Process

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