The MAP estimator form is used for the estimation of random parameters whereas the maximum-likelihood (ML) form is generally associated with the estimation of deterministic parameters. From Bayes Rule ...

Fractional-N PLLs are a useful class of PLLs and not well understood. This paper explains in simple terms how these differ from a regular integer PLL. Common applications are listed along with a brief ...

The demand for analog and mixed-signal-based integrated circuits (ICs) has surged due to the increasing reliance on electronic-based applications across industries. As the world transitions to more ...